Document Type : Review article

Authors

• Sareh Eslamzadeh ¹
• Saheb Soroushfar ²

¹ Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Yasouj University, 75918-74934, Yasouj, Iran.

² Yasouj University, Iran

Abstract

This paper presents a concise review of the quantum tunneling approach to Hawking radiation, covering its theoretical foundations, extensions, and experimental efforts. We begin by outlining the Hamilton-Jacobi and Parikh-Wilczek methods, which provide a semi-classical framework for deriving Hawking radiation from stationary black holes. The discussion is then extended to dynamical black holes, where evolving horizons require modified treatments incorporating trapping horizons, Kodama vectors, and dynamical surface gravity. We explored the possible tunneling paths for particles crossing the horizon in dynamical black holes and emphasized the crucial role of the imaginary part of the action in determining the Hawking temperature. In the second part, we review experimental investigations of Hawking radiation, including analogue black hole experiments, quantum simulations, and astrophysical searches for primordial black hole evaporation. While no direct detection of Hawking radiation has been achieved, recent advances in Bose-Einstein condensates, optical analogues, and superconducting qubits offer indirect support for the tunneling interpretation of black hole evaporation.

Keywords

• Hawking Radiation
• Quantum Tunneling
• Dynamical Black Hole
• Analogue Gravity
• Primordial Black Holes
• Semi-classical Methods

Main Subjects

• Physics